Methods for improving toughness in both inert and aggressive environments are discussed. Techniques described include crystal structure modification, microalloying, control of grain size or shape, reinforcement by ductile fibers or particles, and control of substructure. Meanwhile, the limitation of each of techniques above are also described.
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杨晓华 吕涛.金属间化合物的增韧机理[J].稀有金属材料与工程,1996,(4):1~4.[Yang Xiaohua, Lu Tao, Ding Huadong. Toughening Mechanisms of Intermetallics[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,1996,(4):1~4.] DOI：[doi]