The layer of oxide film was prepared on the surface of 7475 aluminum alloy by anodic oxidation, and the friction and wear performance under different loads were investigated with the friction and wear test. The atomic binding energy spectrum, wear morphologies, surface hardness and residual stress were analyzed with XPS, SEM, hard meter and XRD stress tester, respectively. The results show that the oxide film on the surface is relatively dense after anodic oxidation, existing in the form of Al2O3, and the form of the diffusion type in the interface is contained. The average friction coefficient is decreased after anodic oxidation, indicating the friction performance improving. The wear mechanism of primitive sample is adhesive wear and tear, accompanying with abrasive wear, and the wear mechanism of the sample after the anodic oxidation is abrasive wear, where high surface hardness is the main factor of the wear resistance.