In this study, 6063 aluminum alloy (6063 Al alloy) which was anodized using phosphoric acid and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) were connected successfully by ultrasonic welding method. The results show that the shear strength of untreated 6063 Al alloy / PPS ultrasonic welded joint increases at first and then decreases under the given experimental conditions. The maximum shear strength of joint is 1.41 MPa, when the welding pressure and welding time are 0.5 MPa and 6 s, respectively. Once the surface of 6063 Al alloy was anodized with phosphoric acid, the shear strength of joint can reach 16.92 MPa, which is about 12.6 times of that without anodizing. The primary failure modes of the structure are interface cracking and cohesive fracture of PPS. By observing and analyzing the structures of joint using SEM, a good mechanical interlocking between the 6063 Al alloy and PPS was formed and the intermolecular force at the interface was increased due to the forming porous structure on the 6063 Al alloy surface after anodic oxidation treatment was embedded by PPS under the effect of acoustic streaming which achieve a good combination of 6063 Al alloy /PPS.