To accurately predict the thermoforming process of TC4 titanium alloy, the high-temperature rheological behavior of TC4 titanium alloy was investigated, and a high-precision thermoforming phenomenological constitutive model was developed. Firstly, high-temperature tensile tests of TC4 titanium alloy were conducted at temperatures ranging from 973.15 K to 1123.15 K and strain rates ranging from 0.01 s^-1 to 1 s^-1. Based on the experimental data, two constitutive models were established: an Arrhenius constitutive model with strain compensation and a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model. Sparrow search algorithm (SSA) was employed to optimize the model parameters. Finally, the predictive abilities of the phenomenological constitutive models for TC4 titanium alloy were assessed using statistical analysis. The results indicated that the Arrhenius constitutive model achieved relatively high predictive accuracy despite limited experimental data. However, it had a limited parameter optimization space. In contrast, the modified Johnson-Cook constitutive, while having lower predictive accuracy, offered a larger parameter optimization space. The SSA-optimized modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model provided a good fit with experimental results, serving as a solid foundation for high-precision numerical simulations of TC4 titanium alloy thermoforming.