Ultrafine-grained (UFG) pure titanium was successfully produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for 4 passes plus rotatory swaging (RS) at room temperature. The strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests of UFG pure titanium were carried out on Instron electro-hydraulic servo fatigue testing machine in the range of total strain amplitudes from 0.5% to 1.1% at room temperature, and compared with those of coarse-grained (CG) materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the microstructure and fracture surface of UFG pure titanium after fatigue tests. The results show that the UFG pure titanium exhibits a higher low-cycle fatigue life compared to the CG pure titanium(e.g., 10850 cycles and 4820 cycles for UFG and CG materials, respectively, at a total strain amplitude of 0.5 %). Significant cyclic softening is noticed in the UFG pure titanium, except for the total strain amplitude of 0.5%. Hysteresis loop area increases rapidly with increasing strain amplitude. The fractography exhibits that the fatigue crack initiates from the surface of the specimens, there are a series of fatigue striations and many microcracks in the propagation region. With the increasing total strain amplitude, ductile failure and quasi-cleavage failure are the predominant failure mode. Dislocation slip is the main plastic deformation mechanism of UFG pure titanium during low-cycle fatigue deformation.